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Released Date : 2021-03-18
Parathyroid Disease (Hyperparathyroidism) is when your parathyroid glands create too much parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream. These glands, located behind the thyroid at the bottom of your neck, are about the size of a grain of rice. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone. This hormone helps maintain an appropriate balance of calcium in the bloodstream and in tissues that depend on calcium for proper functioning.
Primary hyperparathyroidism occurs because of some problem with one or more of the four parathyroid glands:
Secondary hyperparathyroidism is the result of another condition that lowers calcium levels. This causes your parathyroid glands to overwork to compensate for the calcium loss. Factors that may contribute to secondary hyperparathyroidism include:
Too much calcium in the blood (hypercalcemia) can cause a number of symptoms and medical conditions. These include:
You may be at a high risk of primary hyperparathyroidism if you:
If blood test results show you have high calcium levels in your blood, your doctor will likely repeat the test to confirm the results after you haven't eaten for a period of time. Many conditions can raise calcium levels. But your doctor can diagnose hyperparathyroidism if blood tests show you also have high levels of parathyroid hormone.
Bone mineral density test. This test is done to see if you have developed osteoporosis. The most common test to measure bone mineral density is dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). This test uses special X-ray devices to measure how many grams of calcium and other bone minerals are packed into a bone segment.
Urine test. A 24-hour collection of urine can provide information on how well your kidneys work and how much calcium is excreted in your urine. This test may help in judging the severity of hyperparathyroidism or diagnosing a kidney disorder causing hyperparathyroidism. If a very low calcium level is found in the urine, this may mean it's a condition that doesn't need treatment.
Imaging tests of kidneys. Your doctor may order an X-ray or other imaging tests of your abdomen to determine if you have kidney stones or other kidney abnormalities.
If your doctor recommends surgery, he or she will likely use one of these imaging tests to locate the parathyroid gland or glands that are causing problems:
Sestamibi parathyroid scan. Sestamibi is a radioactive compound that is absorbed by overactive parathyroid glands and can be detected by a scanner that detects radioactivity.
The normal thyroid gland also absorbs sestamibi. To eliminate uptake in the thyroid obscuring the uptake in a parathyroid adenoma, radioactive iodine, which is only taken up by the thyroid, also is given and the thyroid image is digitally subtracted. Computerized tomography (CT) scanning may be combined with the sestamibi scan to improve detection of an abnormality.
Ultrasound. Ultrasound uses sound waves to create images of your parathyroid glands and surrounding tissue. A small device held against your skin (transducer) emits high-pitched sound waves and records the sound wave echoes as they reflect off internal structures. A computer converts the echoes into images on a monitor.
Your doctor may recommend no treatment and regular monitoring if:
Surgery is the most common treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism and provides a cure in most cases. A surgeon will remove only those glands that are enlarged or have a tumor. If all four glands are affected, a surgeon will likely remove only three glands and perhaps a portion of the fourth — leaving some functioning parathyroid tissue.
Surgery may be done as an outpatient procedure, allowing you to go home the same day. In such cases, the surgery can be done through very small cuts (incisions) in the neck, and you receive only local anesthetics.
Hormone replacement therapy. For women who have gone through menopause and have signs of osteoporosis, hormone replacement therapy may help bones retain calcium. This treatment doesn't address the underlying problems with the parathyroid glands. Prolonged use of hormone replacement therapy can increase the risk of blood clots and breast cancer. Work with your doctor to evaluate the risks and benefits to help you decide what's best for you. Some common side effects of hormone replacement therapy include breast pain and tenderness, dizziness, and headaches.
Bisphosphonates. Bisphosphonates also prevent the loss of calcium from bones and may lessen osteoporosis caused by hyperparathyroidism. Some side effects associated with bisphosphonates include low blood pressure, a fever and vomiting. This treatment doesn't address the underlying problems with the parathyroid glands.
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Frequently asked questions
Q.What are the side effects of parathyroid?
Q.Does parathyroid affect weight?
Hyperparathyroidism patients sometimes experience chronic fatigue, which makes them less active and more prone to weight gain. Conversely, if a parathyroid tumor is removed, the body is better equipped than ever before to maintain consistent calcium levels.
Q.How does high calcium make you feel?
Too much calcium can cause an upset stomach, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. Bone pain and muscle weakness. Hypercalcemia can cause the bones to release too much calcium, leaving them deficient. This abnormal bone activity can lead to pain and muscle weakness.
Q.What happens when parathyroid is removed?
Only one half functioning parathyroid gland is needed for calcium control. If all four parathyroid glands were injured or removed during surgery, the blood calcium levels can become lower than normal.
Q.What should I expect after parathyroid surgery?
You should expect to return to work within 1-2 weeks. Typically recovery from surgery is short and pain is minimal. The most common complaint following surgery is fatigue, a sore throat and generalized soreness which usually resolves within a week or two.
Q.What causes too much calcium buildup in body?
Hypercalcemia is usually a result of overactive parathyroid glands. These four tiny glands are situated in the neck, near the thyroid gland. Other causes of hypercalcemia include cancer, certain other medical disorders, some medications, and taking too much of calcium and vitamin D supplements.
Q.What foods to avoid when calcium is high?
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